PSYCHO-PHYSIOLOGICAL MODIFICATIONS IN THE MUSICAL PERFORMANCE OF YOUNG INTERPRETERS
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Summary
With this scientific work, we wish to consider the phenomenon of
the acute stage-freight as seen from the perspective of the physiological
modifications that occur during the young musicians’ performance.
In this respect, we have made a formative psycho-pedagogical
experiment that included psycho-physiological tests.
The physiologic tests were carried out on an experimental group
made up of 30 young musicians of both sexes, young musicians with
remarkable scenic performances, whose results were compared with those of
a witness group, named control group, made up of 30 amateurs with no stage
experience whatsoever; at the end conclusions were drawn. Keywords: stage-freight, anxiety, emotions, psycho-physiologic tests. |
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The main argument
in approaching this research is the wish to improve the quality of the
creative-interpretative stage act of young musicians, being at the
same time a modality of understanding the stage fright phenomenon with
its inconveniences and advantages. The naturally ensuing question
would refer to its advantages, and the answer, we suppose, cannot be
but another question: “Have you ever been impressed by a robot’s
performance?” Another equally serious reason, we believe, for
discussing this topic is the lack of systematically organized data
regarding the training for the stage of future generations of
musicians among the professionals involved in the development of
artistic personalities, and the lack of specialized institutions in
this field in our country, unlike in other countries in Europe and in
America. And, last but not least, our endeavor has been initiated out of
sheer personal curiosity some 25 years ago, when we dedicated
ourselves to the teaching career both as instrument teacher and
interpreter, experiencing the disappointments and satisfactions
related to the life on stage and its preparations. We wish neither to discover or to recommend miraculous
recipes for eliminating stage fright and anxiety, nor to give advice
to young interpreters or to their teachers; we intend to systematise
all the data regarding this phenomenon and to pull an alarm signal;
not knowing or ignoring these problems can cause the partial
interruption or total demise of a career in this spectacular and risky
field, and yet so noble and beautiful. Our research
hypothesis starts from the
premise that every young
musician’s stage performance is accompanied by significant
psycho-physiological changes that can influence the performance in
a positive way, if they are known, or in a negative way, if they are
ignored.
We admit that we have been
preoccupied by and drawn to this topic ever since our very first years
of pedagogic research, when we have registered all the behavioural
changes caused by stage activities in our students on
psycho-pedagogical record cards, in the hope of future tests,
measurements and psycho-physiologic evaluations in order to discover
and systematize every useful piece of information and to find at least
a partial solution to the causes that determine stage fright and to
make them public in order to inform the young generation of
musicians willing to take up this career. The choice of this
topic was based on two impulses:
We consider this experiment to be a formative
psycho-pedagogical one,
and the involved methodology to be that of gathering, structuring and
interpreting information, of intensive and extensive investigation,
diagnosis and prognosis, and of applicative psycho-educational
research. After two years of tests, we have
introduced in our experiment a few breathing and relaxation exercises
- which we hope to be factors of progress - to diminish the effects of
stage fright; from this point of view we consider it to be a formative
experiment. In this experiment, for the stimulus
x (named stage fright), applied to different persons p1, p2, etc. (young interpreters), the reactions r1, r2 etc., will be specific to each individual, so that
we can identify individual reactions and classify the subjects
according to the results. Although there are differences between the
test and the experiment, they can lead from one into the other; for
example in our research some tests are used as situations or stimuli
in the experimental research (physiological and psychological tests),
while the experimental situation is standardized (provides the same
conditions for all subjects), so it uses tests. The group
of subjects investigated in our research, (also named experimental
group), is made up of 30 young performing artists of both sexes, and
is chosen according to its typicality, aged between 4 and 26; the
results have been compared to those of a witness group (or control group), made up of 30 amateur young
musicians of both sexes and who do not perform on stage, aged between
4 and 26. The period of
investigation was of 4 years (1999-2003), with an approximate
periodicity of three months (regarding the physiological tests),
according to the schedule of stage performance of each subject. As
concerns the physiological tests the investigations took place before,
during and after the stage performance.
The place of the investigation was the stage itself - during
recitals, concerts, school and out-of-school auditions-or the exam
classroom itself in the case of students. Two
students at The Faculty of Medicine –Andreea Ionescu and Roxana
Popescu – have collected the control
samples for the
physiological tests and the results have been communicated to
col. Dr. Otel Ion, who analyzed them and drew his conclusions without
meeting the investigated subjects. The investigated subjects did not
know the results of their tests nor the person who did the evaluation. The physiological tests have been carried out making use of
the following materials and installations, internationally homologated:
turnsole paper - PH-Box E. Merck, D – 600100 Darmstadt, Germany (PH
of sweat and saliva) a Holter polyreactograph - U.S.A. (respiratory
frequency), Cresta tensionmeter DS – 115, digital blood pressure
monitors, Ireland (arterial pressure), Medisense glucosemeter ,
precision Q.I.D., series 41924506, England (blood sugar level);
thermometer – Normal Glass, England (temperature); ECG
Holter – Los Angeles – U.S.A. (cardiac frequency and
respiratory amplitude). The tests have been carried out with
the help of and the installations provided by the G.P. dr. col. Ionel
Oţel; the catecholamine has been determined through the analyses
of urine samples taken after the performance, for 24 hours, examined
in the Rombell – Constanţa laboratory; the presence of the
vanyl-mandelic acid has been investigated. In our experimental research we have
gathered information regarding the subjects’ reactions (15 females +
15 males = 30) to stage fright and we have noted all the psychological
changes determined by the tests, which were completed by the subjects
each year for four years. We have observed especially the subjects’
degree of impressionability and the affective-emotional maturity, not
overlooking the elements of personality structure. Each subject has
undergone a number of eight tests: 1.
“personality structure” test (no. 1, S.T.I.) 2.
“identification
of the attitude towards the self” test (no. 24) 3.
“identification of the degree of interior equilibrium” test
(no. 2) 4.
“ identification of the creative potential” test (no. 8) 5.
“the degree of impressionability” test (no. 19) 6.
“affective maturity“ test (no. 19) 7.
“psychological symptoms to
stress” (no. 2) 8.
“behavior in stress conditions” test (no. 5 nocturnal and
diurnal type) Per total, in a period of four years, we
have evaluated 960 psychological tests assisted by Dr. S. Popescu,
main psychologist at the Constanta County Clinic Hospital. The
evaluations have been carried out for each individual or on age groups,
taking into account the sex of the subject. The individual
psychological analyses has been elaborated after carrying out the test
no.18 for emotional maturity, no.1 on 8 elements (simple
impres-sionability, obsession, introversion, depression, impulsivity,
psychical liability, anti-social tendencies), no. 19 evaluation
questionnaire regarding the conscious degree of impressionability and
the attitude towards emotion), no. 24 for attitude towards the self,
no. 2 for interior equilibrium, no. 8 for creative potential, no. 2
for psychological symptoms to stress, no. 5 for temperament:
morning-evening, diurnal-nocturnal. Results
and discussions - Physiological tests In our experimental research we have gathered information regarding the
subjects’ reactions (15 females + 15 males = 30) to stage fright and
we have noted all the important physiological changes in a
computerized database, which was later on processed statistically and
mathematically, and presented for evaluation to our collaborator, col.
dr. Oţel Ion. The physiological tests, eight in number -according
to the measured parameters - have been carried out before, during and
after the stage act, in a period of four years, with an approximate
periodicity of three months, per total 6090 tests, which consist in: §
Measuring cardiac frequency §
Measuring respiratory frequency §
Identifying the pH from sweat §
Identifying the pH from saliva §
Investigating the presence of
catecholamine in the urine sample (vanyl-mandelicum acid) §
Blood sugar level §
Temperature §
Arterial pressure In order for the evaluation to be
objective we have used the double-blind
method, that is the evaluator (the doctor) and the investigated
subjects did not meet. After the evaluation was carried out, on the
basis of the data gathered by the two students, we preferred to
collaborate to the specialist doctor, in order for our investigation
to be objective and to have generalized and validated conclusions.
Nevertheless, we will allow ourselves to have our own opinions. In the
concluding chapter we present our opinions-taking into account the
estimations of col. Dr. Ion Oţel-regarding the physiological
tests, which were carried out. - Psychological tests
We shall present, where necessary, after having consulted the
psychologist Dr. S. Popescu, two examples, typical for each age group,
of the individual psychological profile (1F+1M): a) Pre-school children (between 4-8 years old) Subject B.E., female, born in 1996,
September, has tendencies towards emotional immaturity. She
exteriorizes her emotions consciously, but she often refrains herself.
When confronted with stage fright she can not refrain from crying.
When she is sad she hides her feelings with difficulty, and when she
is happy she expresses her emotions through a smile. The current
predominant emotive profile, instable and slightly aggressive,
emotional immature, is normal in the course of physical development
for this age, the age of the pre-school child.
Observation: The subject, who expresses her feelings in this manner, has the
possibility to develop her psycho-physical health. Subject A.I., male, born in 1996,
December, with tendencies towards medium emotional maturity, has a
healthy attitude to his own emotions, meaning that he is not afraid to
confess occasionally these frustrations, therefore his statements are
sincere. Resulting from test no.1 (S.T.I.), a tendency towards slight
asthenia and perfection in sternness is prefigured. When confronted
with stage fright, he manifests a remarkable adaptability.
Observation: The subject can control his
emotional or affective states, so that his psycho-physical health
should not suffer.
b) Primary
school pupils (between 8-12 years old)
In this age group, the subjects, males and females are very
well adapted persons, extremely sensitive, who react quickly and
promptly, pursuing the rapid rebalancing in the case of a failure due
to acute stage fright. They get very easily detached from everything
that is not concerned with the domain they explore. Starting with this
age group, the subjects were tested in order for their creative
potential to be identified (test no.8). Unlike pre-school children,
primary school children manifest a high level of emotional maturity on
stage, perhaps due to the fact that they are no longer beginners and
they have entered programs for reducing stage fright before, during
and especially after the performance.
c) Secondary school
pupils (between 12-16 years old)
Generally, for this age group, there is a good rapport between
the subjects’ expectations regarding their manifestations on stage
and reality, meaning the obtained results. The beginning of
adolescence is accompanied by pubertal manifestations, sentimental and
affective oscillations and instabilities, as well as signs of
introversion.
Subject R.
A., male, born in 1991, January, is a person who manifests slight
emotional immaturity, is tenacious and detached on stage, revealing a
firm character, slightly suspicious. He manifests slightly delineated
sensitive-interpretative tendencies, acting detached during stage
performances. His inner equilibrium is instable and therefore it takes
him hard intellectual and physical efforts and a great amount of
energy is wasted in order to harmonize the different divergent aspects
of his personality. He lucidly appreciates his own emotional states,
therefore being able to avoid temporary amnesia which might manifest
itself on stage. He manifests a lively temperament, the nocturnal type,
with a rich intellectual activity in the afternoon up to late at
night, graduating his efforts in an economical way, due to his
extraordinary ability to adapt.
Subject T.L.,
female, born in 1990, April, manifests normal emotional maturity,
having some fixed ideas, nurtured by the socio-educational background,
but also by the frequent impediments which she wants to overcome
immediately. She seldom suffers from inexplicable amnesia on stage,
which is a positive fact when she is confronted with stage fright. Her
agreement with her own Ego
suffers from imperfection, because the conflicts between desires and
reality are left unsolved at the emotional level, the subject
manifesting therefore contradictory and oscillatory tendencies on
stage. This agreement with the self will improve only if the subject
has a thorough knowledge of the field she explores and agrees to face
all the difficulties related to the stage activity. She manifests an
extrovert temperament, the diurnal type, with a high amount of energy
used in the stage act; she often needs intermissions when she makes
intellectual efforts.
d) High school pupils (between
16-19 years old)
For
this age group, teen age, the majority of the subjects manifest a
profound artistic sensibility, showing a stable emotional equilibrium,
creatively adapting to programs and anti-stress exercises proposed by
the experimenter, which had encouraging, even satisfactory results.
Generally, the subjects manifest passion for the artistic field and
strive to get thorough knowledge about stage activity, despite
failures and disappointment. A small part of the subjects have a
tendency towards emotional and artistic immaturity, with slight
emotional instability; nevertheless, these also take great efforts to
adapt to the imposed or chosen stage program. e)
Graduate students (between 19-25 years old) Conclusions Acute stage fright, in the case of children and young people, determines a significant
tachycardia, which comes to normal levels during the first hour after
the exposure to stress, without any difference for either sex.
The marked differences between values, in the first two years
of tests, may be due to sympathetic reactivity which is exaggerated in
children rather than in the young adult.
The cardiac rhythm variability is more accentuated between 4 and 9
o’clock, when the predominant parasympathetic nocturnal activity is
replaced by the sympathetic diurnal one. During this period there are
frequent ventricular and supra-ventricular ectopias (extrasystoles)
with underleveling of segment (S-T), which may be the result of acute
stage fright.
We notice a decrease of 10% of the values in the last two years
of tests, thanks to the anti-stress exercises performed by the
subjects.
In the case of acute
stage fright, we can notice an increase in the activity of the
sympathetic nervous system, as proven by the parameters SDNN and SDANN.
This significant increase is accompanied by a lesser increase
in the parasympathetic activity, as proven by the augmentation of the
ratio LF/HF to a value of 1.67. There is more sympathetic activity in
the case of boys-1.94 in contrast to the girls-1.41. At night we can
notice an increase in both activities-sympathetic and
parasympathetic-compared to the values from before the exposure to
stress, the parasympathetic nervous system being predominant over the
sympathetic one.
We can notice a significant
increase in the respiratory frequency in the case of the subjects
exposed to acute stage fright; its average value reaches 27.75 breaths/min.,
in contrast to the value of the control group and to the normal value
of 20-21 breaths/min.The increase of the average value of the
respiratory frequency is more accentuated for boys 25.26 breaths/min.
than for girls 24.31 breaths/min.
In acute stress, the
maximum values are situated around 30 breaths/min. in contrast to the
highest values of the control group of 24 breaths/min., and even the
minimum values exceed the normal ones of 17-18 breaths/min. These
increased values of the respiratory frequency during the exposure to
acute stress, have a tendency of coming to normal within an hour.
We can notice an important decrease of approximately 30% in the
values registered in the last two years, thanks to the breathing
exercises performed by the subjects.
Acute
stage fright increases arterial pressure in the following
descending order: systolic A.P., average A.P., and diastolic A.P. The
systolic arterial pressure increases the most, determined by the
prospective of a physic-intellectual effort. The average arterial
pressure reaches high values (+11.32) also, due to the effects of
acute stress. We mention that the values of the increase in A.P. are
higher for girls. The diastolic arterial pressure increases the least,
nevertheless exceeding the normal values. In all the cases where there
was an increase in arterial pressure, this returned to the normal
value, the value from before the acute stress, or even to a lower
value. The values of the arterial pressure returned to normal within
approximately 2 hours from the exposure to stress.
We can notice a decrease in the values of the arterial pressure
in the last two years of tests and the percentage is quite significant,
of approximately 13-14%.
The presence of a great number of catecholamines in the urine, due
to stage fright, proves the effects of stage fright on all the
subjects, irrespective of the sex or age. The boys are affected more
than the girls by stage fright, with approximately +50 units/g. in 24
hours.
The values registered in the last two years of tests have a
slight but insufficient tendency to decrease, of approximately 6%.
The temperature, due to acute stage fright, is modified with an
approximate value of +1.16 Cº. The boys are more affected than the
girls, with a difference of +0.32 Cº.
Although it is not of great significance, we can notice a
decrease in the values of the temperature in the last two years of
tests, of approximately 5%.
The values of the blood sugar levels are dropped to half,
approximately -51.81mg/ml under the normal values and -41.80mg/ml under those of the witness group (control group).
The boys are disadvantaged in contrast to the girls, the decreases
being significant and sometimes dangerous, and there is the
possibility that these decreases may lead to temporary loss of
consciousness. These decreases can be prevented by consuming sugar
before the exposure to the acute stage stress.
Approximately 80% of the subjects are affected by the drop of
the blood sugar level, although in the last two years of tests the
values increase by 12%.
The 30% decrease of saliva
pH in the case of all the subjects exposed to stage
fright, irrespective of age or sex, is significant and can explain
the sensation of having a lump in one’s throat, or having a dry
mouth. The modification is higher for girls-1.02 than for boys-0.87,
causing discomfort.
There was not any improvement in the tests from the last two
years.
The increase in the sweat
pH of +1.03, due to stage fright, that is approximately 29%, is
not significant when compared to professional sportspeople, but it is
significant when compared to the witness group. The increase in the
sweat pH is +0.09 higher for boys, without affecting the thermic
comfort of the subjects, sometimes manifested in the sensation of cold
sweat, especially on palms.
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